Zagazig Depression Scale

Information about Measure
First Name Ahmed
Last Name Ibrahim
Email Not Available
Affiliation Community Health School, Faculty of Medicine, Assiut University
Other means of contacting author (e.g., website, Academia.edu, ResearchGate) —
Mental health assessment tool that was adapted/developed/validated Zagazig Depression Scale
Mental health condition assessed Depressive Disorders
Idiom of distress included, if any Not Applicable
Lifestage of interest Adult (General)
Age range (age – age) 16-26
Country or countries where tool was developed/adapted/validated Egypt
Language(s) of the adapted/developed/validated tool Arabic
Clinical or community sample? Community
Subpopulation in which tool was developed/validated (e.g., tool was developed and tested among middle-class women)? University students
Development procedures validated
If validated, what was the gold standard? Validated using the PHQ (Patient Health Questionnaire) as a screening tool for depression
Description of other development procedures, if applicable —
Cronbach’s alpha 0.904
Sensitivity —
Spec —
Other information about tool (e.g., additional psychometrics [NPV, PPV, Youden’s index, diagnostic odds ratio]) —
Links to development/adaptation/validation studies and/or previous studies using the tool Ibrahim, A. K., Kelly, S. J., & Glazebrook, C. (2012). Reliability of a shortened version of the Zagazig Depression Scale and prevalence of depression in an Egyptian university student sample. Comprehensive Psychiatry, 53(5), 638-647. doi:10.1016/j.comppsych.2011.06.007
Notes when administering the tool For this validation study, students filled out the Zagazig Depression Scale independently and returned to researchers. Items were summed with equal weight to yield a total score.

Luo Perceived Stress Scale

Information about Measure
First Name Gillian
Last Name Ice
Email —
Affiliation Ohio University College of Osteopathic Medicine
Other means of contacting author (e.g., website, Academia.edu, ResearchGate) —
Mental health assessment tool that was adapted/developed/validated Luo Perceived Stress Scale
Mental health condition assessed Trauma- and Stressor-Related Disorders
Idiom of distress included, if any kimi, yiengni, tetni, jachir, bebni
Lifestage of interest Elderly
Age range (age – age) —
Country or countries where tool was developed/adapted/validated Kenya
Language(s) of the adapted/developed/validated tool Dholuo
Clinical or community sample? Community
Subpopulation in which tool was developed/validated (e.g., tool was developed and tested among middle-class women)? —
Development procedures locally-developed
If validated, what was the gold standard? Criterion validity was examined through the associations between LPSS score and caregiving, social networks, depression, and cortisol
Description of other development procedures, if applicable —
Cronbach’s alpha 0.75
Sensitivity —
Spec —
Other information about tool (e.g., additional psychometrics [NPV, PPV, Youden’s index, diagnostic odds ratio]) —
Links to development/adaptation/validation studies and/or previous studies using the tool Ice, G. H., & Yogo, J. (2005). Measuring Stress Among Luo Elders: Development of the Luo Perceived Stress Scale. Field Methods, 17(4), 394-411. doi:10.1177/1525822×05280176
Notes when administering the tool The LPSS should be administered verbally by trained research assistants. Items are coded dichotonomously, positive items are reverse coded, and the LPSS total score is calculated by summing all items with equal weight.

Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS)- Ethiopia

Information about Measure
First Name Charlotte
Last Name Hanlon
Email [email protected]
Affiliation King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry
Other means of contacting author (e.g., website, Academia.edu, ResearchGate) —
Mental health assessment tool that was adapted/developed/validated Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS)- Ethiopian Version
Mental health condition assessed Depressive Disorders
Idiom of distress included, if any Not Applicable
Lifestage of interest Adult (General)
Age range (age – age) —
Country or countries where tool was developed/adapted/validated Ethiopia
Language(s) of the adapted/developed/validated tool Amharic
Clinical or community sample? Community
Subpopulation in which tool was developed/validated (e.g., tool was developed and tested among middle-class women)? Perinatal women in rural Ethiopia
Development procedures validated,culturally-adapted
If validated, what was the gold standard? The gold standard measure of perinatal CMD used in this assessment was full psychiatric assessment by one of four Ethiopian psychiatry trainees
Description of other development procedures, if applicable —
Cronbach’s alpha 0.47
Sensitivity 0.77
Spec 0.36
Other information about tool (e.g., additional psychometrics [NPV, PPV, Youden’s index, diagnostic odds ratio]) Additionally, area under the curve (AUC) was 0.62 (95%CI 0.49 to 0.76).
Links to development/adaptation/validation studies and/or previous studies using the tool Hanlon, C., Medhin, G., Alem, A., Araya, M., Abdulahi, A., Hughes, M., . . . Prince, M. (2008). Detecting perinatal common mental disorders in Ethiopia: Validation of the self-reporting questionnaire and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Journal of Affective Disorders, 108(3), 251-262. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.10.023
Notes when administering the tool The EPDS should be administered as a verbal interview, with appropriate probing of responses to items which require repetition, appear to to be understood, or are answered affirmatively. All interviews should be conducted by trained research assistants.

Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ)- Ethiopia

Information about Measure
First Name Charlotte
Last Name Hanlon
Email [email protected]
Affiliation King’s College London, Institute of Psychiatry
Other means of contacting author (e.g., website, Academia.edu, ResearchGate) —
Mental health assessment tool that was adapted/developed/validated Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ)
Mental health condition assessed Depressive Disorders
Idiom of distress included, if any Not Applicable
Lifestage of interest Adult (General)
Age range (age – age) —
Country or countries where tool was developed/adapted/validated Ethiopia
Language(s) of the adapted/developed/validated tool Amharic
Clinical or community sample? Community
Subpopulation in which tool was developed/validated (e.g., tool was developed and tested among middle-class women)? Perinatal women in rural Ethiopia
Development procedures culturally-adapted,validated
If validated, what was the gold standard? The gold standard measure of perinatal CMD used in this assessment was full psychiatric assessment by one of four Ethiopian psychiatry trainees
Description of other development procedures, if applicable —
Cronbach’s alpha 0.88
Sensitivity 0.684
Spec 0.62
Other information about tool (e.g., additional psychometrics [NPV, PPV, Youden’s index, diagnostic odds ratio]) Area under the curve (AUC) was 0.70 (95%CI 0.57 to 0.83).
Links to development/adaptation/validation studies and/or previous studies using the tool Hanlon, C., Medhin, G., Alem, A., Araya, M., Abdulahi, A., Hughes, M., . . . Prince, M. (2008). Detecting perinatal common mental disorders in Ethiopia: Validation of the self-reporting questionnaire and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. Journal of Affective Disorders, 108(3), 251-262. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.10.023
Notes when administering the tool The SRQ-20 should be administered as a verbal interview, with appropriate probing of responses to items which require repetition, appear to to be understood, or are answered affirmatively. All interviews should be conducted by trained research assistants.

Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS)- Zimbabwe

Information about Measure
First Name Dixon
Last Name Chibanda
Email Not Available
Affiliation Wake Forest University Health Sciences
Other means of contacting author (e.g., website, Academia.edu, ResearchGate) —
Mental health assessment tool that was adapted/developed/validated Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS)
Mental health condition assessed Depressive Disorders
Idiom of distress included, if any Not Applicable
Lifestage of interest Adult (General)
Age range (age – age) —
Country or countries where tool was developed/adapted/validated Zimbabwe
Language(s) of the adapted/developed/validated tool Shona
Clinical or community sample? Clinical
Subpopulation in which tool was developed/validated (e.g., tool was developed and tested among middle-class women)? Postpartum mothers aged 18 years and older, who attended the routine postnatal check-up at 6 weeks after delivery with an infant aged between 6–7 weeks and resided within the Chitungwiza catchment area
Development procedures culturally-adapted,validated
If validated, what was the gold standard? Validated against DSM-IV criteria for major depression diagnoses by trained clinicians.
Description of other development procedures, if applicable —
Cronbach’s alpha 0.87
Sensitivity 0.88
Spec 0.87
Other information about tool (e.g., additional psychometrics [NPV, PPV, Youden’s index, diagnostic odds ratio]) Additional psychometric properties assessed include: PPV: 0.74, NPV: 0.94, and AUC: 0.82.
Links to development/adaptation/validation studies and/or previous studies using the tool Chibanda, D., Mangezi, W., Tshimanga, M., Woelk, G., Rusakaniko, P., Stranix-Chibanda, L., Shetty, A. K. (2009). Validation of the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale among women in a high HIV prevalence area in urban Zimbabwe. Archives of Womens Mental Health, 13(3), 201-206. doi:10.1007/s00737-009-0073-6
Notes when administering the tool Interviews were administered verbally to participants, and all items were summed with equal weight to determine a total score. Based off of this study, a cut-off score of 11 was determined to be optimal for the Shona version of the EPDS.

Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children (CES-DC)- Rwanda

Information about Measure
First Name Theresa
Last Name Betancourt
Email [email protected]
Affiliation Boston College School of Social Work
Other means of contacting author (e.g., website, Academia.edu, ResearchGate) —
Mental health assessment tool that was adapted/developed/validated Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children (CES-DC)
Mental health condition assessed Depressive Disorders
Idiom of distress included, if any Not Applicable
Lifestage of interest Childhood or Adolescence
Age range (age – age) —
Country or countries where tool was developed/adapted/validated Rwanda
Language(s) of the adapted/developed/validated tool Kinyarwanda
Clinical or community sample? Community
Subpopulation in which tool was developed/validated (e.g., tool was developed and tested among middle-class women)? —
Development procedures culturally-adapted,validated
If validated, what was the gold standard? To examine criterion validity, CES-DC scores were compared with depression diagnoses on a structured diagnostic interview, the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Children (MINI KID). Caregiver and child or adolescent self-reports endorsing the presence of local depression-like problems agahinda kenshi (persistent sorrow) and kwiheba (severe hopelessness) were also examined for agreement with MINI KID diagnosis.
Description of other development procedures, if applicable —
Cronbach’s alpha 0.86
Sensitivity 0.819
Spec 0.719
Other information about tool (e.g., additional psychometrics [NPV, PPV, Youden’s index, diagnostic odds ratio]) The area under the ROC curve for the CES-DC using MINI KID MDE diagnosis as the gold
standard was 0.825.
Links to development/adaptation/validation studies and/or previous studies using the tool Betancourt, T., Scorza, P., & Meyers-Ohki, S. (2013). Validating the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children in Rwanda. PsycEXTRA Dataset. doi:10.1037/e593732013-001
Notes when administering the tool Given the age of participants, caregivers reported on children who were too young to complete the assessment independently. The tool should either be administered to the adolescents or to their primary caregiver, as is deemed fit by researchers.  The tool should be administered by trained research assistants who are fluent in Kinyarwanda. All items on the scale are summed with equal weight. The optimal cut-off score for this population was determined to be 30 points.

Amharic Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) – Amharic

Information about Measure
First Name Fentie
Last Name Ambaw
Email Not Available
Affiliation Department of Health Education and Behavioral Sciences, Jimma University
Other means of contacting author (e.g., website, Academia.edu, ResearchGate) https://www.linkedin.com/in/dr-fentie-ambaw-55766952
Mental health assessment tool that was adapted/developed/validated The Amharic Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) – Amharic
Mental health condition assessed Anxiety and Depression
Idiom of distress included, if any Not Applicable
Lifestage of interest Childhood or Adolescence
Age range (age – age) 11-15
Country or countries where tool was developed/adapted/validated Ethiopia
Language(s) of the adapted/developed/validated tool Amharic
Clinical or community sample? Clinical
Subpopulation in which tool was developed/validated (e.g., tool was developed and tested among middle-class women)? Sample was drawn from 16 organizations working with orphans in Addis Ababa
Development procedures Culturally adapted
If validated, what was the gold standard? —
Description of other development procedures, if applicable —
Cronbach’s alpha —
Sensitivity —
Spec —
Other information about tool (e.g., additional psychometrics [NPV, PPV, Youden’s index, diagnostic odds ratio]) Psychometrics were assessed for the anxiety and depression subscales separately and alphas for the full scale were not assessed. The alpha coefficient for the depression subscale was 0.76 and the alpha for the anxiety subscale was 0.81.
Links to development/adaptation/validation studies and/or previous studies using the tool Ambaw, F. (2011). The Structure and Reliability of the Amharic Version of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale in Orphan Adolescents in Addis Ababa. Ethiopian Journal of Health Sciences, 21(1). doi:10.4314/ejhs.v21i1.69041
Notes when administering the tool Given the age of the participants, the HADS was administered verbally to participants by trained research assistants with high school level education or higher. Each items on the HADS is scored from 0-3 points and a sum score is calculated by summing each item score with equal weight.

Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)- Nigeria

Information about Measure
First Name Abiodun
Last Name Adewuya
Email Not Available
Affiliation Obafemi Awolowo University
Other means of contacting author (e.g., website, Academia.edu, ResearchGate) https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Abiodun_Adewuya
Mental health assessment tool that was adapted/developed/validated Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) in Nigeria
Mental health condition assessed Depressive Disorders
Idiom of distress included, if any Not Applicable
Lifestage of interest Adult (General)
Age range (age – age) 15-40
Country or countries where tool was developed/adapted/validated Nigeria
Language(s) of the adapted/developed/validated tool English
Clinical or community sample? Community
Subpopulation in which tool was developed/validated (e.g., tool was developed and tested among middle-class women)? Tested among university students
Development procedures validated
If validated, what was the gold standard? Validated against DSM-IV diagnosis by a clinician
Description of other development procedures, if applicable —
Cronbach’s alpha 0.85
Sensitivity 0.897
Spec 0.989
Other information about tool (e.g., additional psychometrics [NPV, PPV, Youden’s index, diagnostic odds ratio]) The psychometric properties recorded for this entry refer to the items that assess minor depressive disorder. Additional psychometrics include: PPV of 0.875, NPV of 0.981, and overall correct classification (OCC) rate of 0.973 all using an optimal cut-off score of 5. For major depressive disorder, the optimal cut-off score was determined to be a 10 and had a sensitivity of 0.846, specificity of 0.994, PPV of 0.750, NPV of 0.996, and OCC of 0.992.
Links to development/adaptation/validation studies and/or previous studies using the tool Adewuya AO, Ola BA, Afolabi OO. Validity of the patient health questionnaire (PHQ-9) as a screening tool for depression amongst Nigerian university students. J Affect Disord. 2006;96(1-2):89-93. doi:10.1016/j.jad.2006.05.021
Notes when administering the tool The PHQ is a 9 item scale that is scored on a point system from 0-3 and all items are summed with equal weight, giving a maximum score of 27. As noted above, optimal cut-off scores were determined to be a 5 for minor depressive disorder and a 10 for major depressive disorder. Since the sample population was well-educated, trained research assistants provided them with a written copy of the scale. Sample literacy should be considered in all future studies.

Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)- Nigeria

Information about Measure
First Name Abiodun
Last Name Adewuya
Email Not Available
Affiliation Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospitals
Other means of contacting author (e.g., website, Academia.edu, ResearchGate) —
Mental health assessment tool that was adapted/developed/validated Beck Depression Inventory for Nigerian Adolescents
Mental health condition assessed Depressive Disorders
Idiom of distress included, if any Not Applicable
Lifestage of interest Childhood or Adolescence
Age range (age – age) 13-18
Country or countries where tool was developed/adapted/validated Nigeria
Language(s) of the adapted/developed/validated tool English
Clinical or community sample? Community
Subpopulation in which tool was developed/validated (e.g., tool was developed and tested among middle-class women)? Tool was tested among adolescents attending senior secondary schools
Development procedures validated
If validated, what was the gold standard? Validated using diagnosis of major depressive disorder (MDD) from psychiatric interviews
Description of other development procedures, if applicable —
Cronbach’s alpha 0.82
Sensitivity 0.91
Spec 0.97
Other information about tool (e.g., additional psychometrics [NPV, PPV, Youden’s index, diagnostic odds ratio]) Additional psychometric properties include: PPV: 0.88, NPV: 0.98, and an AUC of 0.985.
Links to development/adaptation/validation studies and/or previous studies using the tool Adewuya AO, Ola BA, Aloba OO. Prevalence of major depressive disorders and a validation of the Beck Depression Inventory among Nigerian adolescents. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2007;16(5):287-292. doi:10.1007/s00787-006-0557-0
Notes when administering the tool The BDI may be administered by a trained research assistant for written completion by the adolescents; however, the sample population’s literacy rate should be taken into account in future studies. All items on the inventory are scored from 0-3 and summed with equal weight, giving a maximum score of 63. A cut-off score of 18 points is advised.

Edinburgh Post-partum Depression Scale- Democratic Republic of Congo

Information about Measure
First Name Judith
Last Name Bass
Email [email protected]
Affiliation Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health
Other means of contacting author (e.g., website, Academia.edu, ResearchGate) —
Mental health assessment tool that was adapted/developed/validated Edinburgh Post-partum Depression Scale
Mental health condition assessed Depressive Disorders
Idiom of distress included, if any Not Applicable
Lifestage of interest Adult (General)
Age range (age – age) —
Country or countries where tool was developed/adapted/validated Democratic Republic of the Congo
Language(s) of the adapted/developed/validated tool Lingala
Clinical or community sample? Clinical
Subpopulation in which tool was developed/validated (e.g., tool was developed and tested among middle-class women)? Tool was developed and tested among women seeking ante-natal care at the Kingasani Maternity Clinic. This tool is designed for new mothers.
Development procedures Culturally adapted and validated
If validated, what was the gold standard? Validity assessed through comparison of depression severity scores with severity in dysfunction (functional impairment)
Description of other development procedures, if applicable —
Cronbach’s alpha 0.76
Sensitivity 0.85
Spec 0.75
Other information about tool (e.g., additional psychometrics [NPV, PPV, Youden’s index, diagnostic odds ratio]) Optimal cut-off for the scale based off of sensitivity and specificity analyses is 8 points on the adapted 8-item EPDS. 82% of individuals were correctly classified using this instrument. Area under the curve, (standard error), and [confidence intervals are as follows]: 0.83, (0.05), [0.73–0.94].
Links to development/adaptation/validation studies and/or previous studies using the tool Bass JK, Ryder RW, Lammers M-C, Mukaba TN, Bolton PA. Post-partum depression in Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo: validation of a concept using a mixed-methods cross-cultural approach. Tropical Med Int Health. 2008;13:1534–42.; Reliability and Validity of Instruments for Assessing Perinatal Depression in African Settings: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Tsai AC, Scott JA, Hung KJ, Zhu JQ,
Matthews LT, et al. (2013) Reliability and Validity of Instruments for Assessing Perinatal Depression in African Settings: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. PLOS ONE 8(12): e82521. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0082521
Notes when administering the tool Questionnaire should be verbally administered by interviewers, ideally trained, bilingual or polyglot researchers and/or clinicians who are fluent in the native Lingala as well as French and/or English. Sum points with all items equally weighted to calculate total score.

Anyone interested in using this tool should inform Judith Bass about their intent to use it. Any reports or publications arising from use of the tool should acknowledge the Global Mental Health group at Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health.