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Measure Keywords search Condition Idiom of distress Lifestage Age range (age - age) Countries Language Clinical or community Subpopulation Gender Common Mental Disorders Cultural Concepts of Distress
UCLA Child Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder-Reaction Index (PTSD-RI) UCLA Child Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder-Reaction Index, PTSD-RI, Zambia, Nyanja, Central Africa, Clinical Trauma- and stressor-related disorders Not Applicable Childhood or Adolescence 6-15 Zambia Nyanja Clinical Youth attending a clinic specializing in sexual abuse Both
International Depression Symptom Scale-General Version (IDSS-G) International Depression Symptom Scale-General Version, IDSSG, Myanmar, Burmese, South Asia, Clinical Depressive disorders Not Applicable Adult -- Myanmar Burmese Clinical Male and female attendees of primary health clinics in Yangon, Myanmar Both Only CMDs
Kreyol Distress Idiom (KDI) Scale Kreyol Distress Idiom Scale, KDI, Haiti, Kreyol, Haitian Creole, Caribbean, Community Other (cultural syndromes or psychiatric categories not listed) Multiple Adult 18+ Haiti Kreyol/Haitian Creole Community Rural communities in the Central Plateau Both Only Concepts of Distress
Mental Health Assessment Inventory (MHAI) Mental Health Assessment Inventory, MHAI, Ukraine, Russian, Europe, Community, Internally Displaced Anxiety and depressive disorders Not Applicable Adult -- Ukraine Russian Community Internally displaced persons in Ukraine Both Only CMDs
Disruptive Behavior International Scale – Nepal Version Disruptive Behavior International Scale, DBIS, Nepal, Nepali, South Asia, Community Other (cultural syndromes or psychiatric categories not listed) Not Applicable Childhood or Adolescence -- Nepal Nepali Community Children and adolescents ages 5-15 Both
Hopkins Symptom Checklist- Depression Scale and Agahinda Gakabije Hopkins Symptom Checklist, HSCL, Rwanda, Kinyarwanda, East Africa, Community Depressive disorders Agahinda gakabije (local idiom of distress that approximates Western category of depression) Adult -- Rwanda Kinyarwanda Community Simple random sample of 400 houses in Kanzenze commune Both Only CMDs Includes Concepts of Distress
African Youth Psychosocial Assessment (AYPA) African Youth Psychosocial Assessment, AYPA, Uganda, Acholi Luo, East Africa, Community Other (cultural syndromes or psychiatric categories not listed) Not Applicable Childhood or Adolescence -- Uganda Acholi Luo Community Tool was developed and tested among adolescents that resided in a camp for internally displaced persons for at least 1 month Both Only Concepts of Distress
Acholi Psychosocial Assessment Instrument Acholi Pyschosocial Assessment Instrument, APAI, Uganda, Acholi Luo, East Africa, Community Other (cultural syndromes or psychiatric categories not listed) Depression-like (two tam, par and kumu), anxiety-like (ma lwor) and conduct problems (kwo maraco) Childhood or Adolescence 14-17 Uganda Acholi Luo Community Tool was developed for use among internally displaced persons (IDPs), specifically war-affected adolescents. Both Only Concepts of Distress
Hopkins Symptom Checklist- Depression Scale Hopkins Symptom Checklist, HSCL, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Lingala, Central Africa, Clinical Depressive disorders Not Applicable Adult -- Democratic Republic of the Congo Lingala Clinical Tool was developed and tested among women seeking antenatal care at the Kingasani MaternityClinic Female Only CMDs
Edinburgh Post-partum Depression Scale Edinburgh Pospartum Depression Scale, EPDS ,Democratic Republic of the Congo, Lingala, Central Africa, Clinical Depressive disorders Not yet named Adult -- Democratic Republic of the Congo Lingala Clinical Tool was developed and tested among women seeking ante-natal care at the Kingasani Maternity Clinic Female Only CMDs
Tension scale Tension Scale, India, Hindi, South Asia, Clinical Other (cultural syndromes or psychiatric categories not listed) Tension Adult -- India Hindi Clinical women with and without type 2 diabetes Female Only Concepts of Distress
Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale, Refugees, United States, Khmer, Clinical Trauma- and stressor-related disorders Not Applicable Adult -- United States with Cambodian Refugees Khmer Clinical Refugees attending a psychiatric clinic in the United States. Both
Vietnamese Panic Disorder Survey Vietnamese Panic Disorder Survey, Vietnamese, English, United States, Refugees Anxiety disorders Not Applicable Adult -- United States with Vietnemese refugees English; Vietnamese -- -- Both Only CMDs
Cambodian Somatic Symptom Questionnaire Cambodian Somatic Symptom Questionnaire, CSSQ, Refugees, Khmer, United States, Clinical Trauma- and stressor-related disorders Not Applicable Adult -- United States with Cambodian refugees Khmer Clinical Tool was developed among traumatized Cambodian refugees at a psychiatric clinic in the United States. Both
Beck Anxiety Inventory Beck Anxiety Inventory, BAI, Nepal, Nepali, South Asia, Clinical, Community Anxiety disorders Not Applicable Adult -- Nepal Nepali Other Mixed clinical and community sample. Both Only CMDs
Child PTSD Symptom Scale (CPSS) Child PTSD Symptom Scale, CSS, Nepal, Nepali, South Asia, Students, Community Trauma- and stressor-related disorders Not Applicable Childhood or Adolescence 11-15 Nepal Nepali Community Schoolchildren in 6th or 7th grade Both
Depression Self-Rating Scale (DSRS) Depression Self-Rating Scale, DSRS, Nepal, Nepali, South Asia, Students, Community Depressive disorders Not Applicable Childhood or Adolescence -- Nepal Nepali Community Schoolchildren in 6th or 7th grade Both Only CMDs
Two Question Screening Test for Depression in Thai Two Question Screening Test for Depression, Thailand, Thai, South Asia, Community, Screener Depressive disorders Depression-like idioms Adult 18-62 Thailand Thai Community 17 villages in the Northeastern Thai community Both Only CMDs
Akena Visual Depression Inventory (AVIDI) Akena Visual Depression Inventory, AVDI, Uganda, East Africa, Visual, Clinical, Depressive disorders Not Applicable Adult 18-71 Uganda NA (Visual) Clinical Patients with HIV/AIDS attending the Nsambya Hospital Home care facility Both Only CMDs Includes Concepts of Distress
Kessler Pscychological Distress Inventory (K10) Kessler Pscychological Distress Inventory, K10, Burkina Faso, West African French, Moore, Dioula, West Africa, Postpartum Depressive disorders Not Applicable Adult 17-46 Burkina Faso West African French; Moore; Dioula Other Postpartum women and women with early pregnancy loss enrolled in a separate cohort study Female Only CMDs
Peradeniya Depression Scale (PDS) Peradeniya Depression Scale, PDS, Sri Lanka, Sinhalese, South Asia, Clinical Depressive disorders “Saankaawa” (implies sadness and grief), “Bade gindara” (“fire in the abdomen), “Waatha amaaru” (generalized discomfort) Adult 18+ Sri Lanka Sinhalese Clinical Community members who were presenting to a psychiatry clinic for the first time and were suffering from current Major Depressive Episode. Both Only CMDs Includes Concepts of Distress
Children’s Depression Rating Scale (CDRS) – India Children’s Depression Rating Scale, CDRS, India, Tamil, South Asia, Community, Students Depressive disorders Not Applicable Childhood or Adolescence 14-17 India Tamil Community Schoolchildren at private and public schools that represented high, middle, and low SES groups. All students were in grade 11 at the time of the study. Both Only CMDs
Traumatic Stress Symptom Checklist (TSSC) – Turkey Traumatic Stress Symptom Checklist, TSSC, Turkey, Turkish, Middle East, Community Trauma- and stressor-related disorders Not Applicable Adult 16-70 Turkey Turkish Community Earthquake survivors recruited from survivor camps and suburbs and towns near the epicenter in Golcuk. Both
Mexican Health and Age Study (MHAS) Geriatric Depression Screener Mexican Health and Age Study (MHAS) Geriatric Depression Screener, Spanish, Mexico, Community, Screener Depressive disorders Not Applicable Elderly 65+ Mexico Spanish Community Individuals older than 65 without evidence of cognitive deficits. Both Only CMDs
Thai Depression Inventory Thai Depression Inventory, Thailand, Thai, South Asia, Clinical Depressive disorders Not Applicable Adult -- Thailand Thai Clinical 50 adults in an urban inpatient and outpatient psychiatric clinic Both Only CMDs
Patient Health Questionnaire 9 (PHQ9)- Nepal Nepal, Nepali, South Asia, Patient Health Questionnaire 9, PHQ9, Manko Samasya, Clinical Depressive disorders manko samasya or "heart-mind" problems Adult -- Nepal Nepali Community 125 male and female adults drawn from a random sample of community clinics in Nepal. Both Only CMDs
Pakistan Anxiety and Depression Questionnaire Pakistan, Urdu, South Asia, Pakistan Anxiety and Depression Questionnaire, Clinical Anxiety and depressive disorders Multiple, including, “Do you feel like running from your home?” and “Do you feel fed up with your family members?” Adult -- Pakistan Urdu Clinical -- Both Only CMDs
Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale- Brazil Brazil, Brasil, Portuguese, South America, Warwick-Edinburgh Mental Well-Being Scale, Community, College, University, Students Other (cultural syndromes or psychiatric categories not listed) Not Applicable Adult 20-40 Brazil Portuguese Community The final version of the scale was administered among college students. During the translation process, a sample ranging in ages from 20-40 was included. Both
Short Form 36 Health Survey- Yoruba Nigeria, Yoruba, West Africa, Short Form 36 Health Survey Yoruba Version, Community, Young Adults, Students Other (cultural syndromes or psychiatric categories not listed) Not Applicable Adult 18-70 Nigeria Yoruba Community Tool was adapted among students, workers, and residents of Ile-Ife, in Osun state. Both
Hikikomori Questionnaire Japan, United States, Japanese, English, East Asia, Hikikomori Questionnaire Trauma- and stressor-related disorders Not Applicable Adult 15-50 United States, Japan English, Japanese Other -- Both
Liberian Distress Screener Liberia, Liberian English, West Africa, Liberian Distress Screener, Community Trauma- and stressor-related disorders Scale includes 11 unique Liberian idioms of distress Adult 19-81 Liberia Liberian English Community -- Both
Arab Youth Mental Health Scale Lebanon, Arabic, Middle East, Arab Youth Mental Health Scale, Teenager, Youth, Child, Community Anxiety and depressive disorders Not Applicable Childhood or Adolescence 10-14 Lebanon Arabic Community Children aged 10-14 who were enrolled in school at the time of the study. Both Only CMDs
Hopkins Symptom Checklist-37A (HSCL-37A) – Congo Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo, DRC, Central Africa, Congolese French, Swahili, Hopkins Symptom Checklist-37A, HSCL-37A, Community, Teenager, Youth, Child Anxiety and depressive disorders Not Applicable Childhood or Adolescence and Young Adults 13-21 Eastern Democratic Republic of Congo Congolese French and Swahili Community 13 secondary schools in the Ituri district Both Only CMDs
Child and Adolescent Symptom Inventory-5 (CASI-5) – Uganda Uganda, Luganda, East Africa, Child and Adolescent Symptom Inventory-5, CASI-5, Clinical, HIV, AIDS, Teenager, Youth, Child, Toddler Other (cultural syndromes or psychiatric categories not listed) Multiple idioms of distress are captured in the adapted version of the scale Childhood or Adolescence 5-17 Uganda Luganda Clinical Caregivers of children attending a Child and Adolescent HIV Clinic at Butabika Hospital Both
The Shona Symptom Questionnaire Zimbabwe, Shona, South Africa, The Shona Symptom Questionnaire, Teenager, Youth, Clinical, Community Other (cultural syndromes or psychiatric categories not listed) Not Applicable Adult 16 – 65 Zimbabwe Shona Other The tool was validated in clinical samples drawn from primary health care clinics, traditional medical practitioners, and community residents. Both
The Afghan Symptom Checklist Afghanistan, Dari, Middle East, The Afghan Symptom Checklist, War, Jigar Khun, Asabi, Fishar-e-Bala, Fishar-e-Payin, Community Trauma- and stressor-related disorders “thinking too much”; jigar khun; asabi; “beating oneself”; fishar-e-bala; fishar-e-payin Adult -- Afghanistan Dari Community -- Both Includes Concepts of Distress
Child Psychosocial Distress Screener (CPDS) Burundi, Kirundi, East Africa, Child Psychosocial Distress Screener, CPDS, Teenager, Youth, Child, Toddler, Community Trauma- and stressor-related disorders Not Applicable Childhood or Adolescence 7-17 Burundi Kirundi Community -- Both
The Penn/RESIST/Peradeniya War Problems Questionnaire, with included Depression and Anxiety Sub-Sections of War-Related Psychological and Behavioral Problems Sri Lanka, Tamil, South Asia, The Penn/RESIST/Peradeniya War Problems Questionnaire with Included Depression and Anxiety Sub-Sections of War-Related Psychological and Behavioral Problems, Disgust in Life, Thinking a Lot About My Past Old Memories, Causing Psychological Confusion, Inability to Make Decisions, Not Knowing What to Talk and What Not to Talk, War, Clinical Anxiety and depressive disorders All items derived from qualitative interviews and exploratory factor analysis. Idioms used include “disgust in life” , “thinking a lot about my past (old memories), causing psychological confusion”, and “inability to make decisions (not knowing what to talk and what not to talk” Adult -- Sri Lanka Tamil Clinical Both Only CMDs
Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)- Ethiopia Ethiopia, Amharic, East Africa, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, HADS, HIV, AIDS, Clinical Anxiety and depressive disorders Not Applicable Adult -- Ethiopia Amharic Clinical Adults with HIV/AIDS taking anti-retroviral treatment Both Only CMDs
Brief Symptom Inventory (BSI) – Kenya Kenya, Swahili, East Africa, Brief Symptom Inventory, BSI, HIV, AIDS Other (cultural syndromes or psychiatric categories not listed) Not Applicable Adult -- Kenya Swahili Other Individuals Participating in a Support Group for HIV/AIDS Patients Both
Dar-es-Salaam Symptom Questionnaire (DSQ) Tanzania, Kiswahili, East Africa, Dar-es-Salaam Symptom Questionnaire, DSQ, Teenage, Youth, Clinical Anxiety and depressive disorders Numerous Adult 15-48 Tanzania Swahili Clinical Antenatal clinic attendees in Dar-es-Salaam Female Only CMDs
Pediatric Symptom Checklist (PSC) Botswana, South Africa, Pediatric Symptom Checklist, PSC, Teenager, Youth, Child, HIV, AIDS, Clinical Other (cultural syndromes or psychiatric categories not listed) Not Applicable Childhood or Adolescence 8-16 Botswana Setswana Clinical HIV-infected children aged 8 to 16 years old attending infectious disease clinics Both
Zagazig Depression Scale Egypt, Arabic, North Africa, Zagazig Depression Scale, College, University, Students, Teenager, Youth, Community Depressive disorders Not Applicable Adult 16-62 Egypt Arabic Community University studnents Both Only CMDs
Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ)- Nigeria Nigeria, English, West Africa, Patient Health Questionnaire, PHQ9, Teenager, Youth, University, College, Students, Community Depressive disorders Not Applicable Adult 15-40 Nigeria English Community Tested among university students Both Only CMDs
Beck Depression Inventory (BDI)- Nigeria Nigeria, English, West Africa, Beck Depression Inventory, BDI, Teenager, Youth, Students, Community Depressive disorders Not Applicable Childhood or Adolescence 13-18 Nigeria English Community Tool was tested among adolescents attending senior secondary schools Both Only CMDs
Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children (CES-DC)- Rwanda Rwanda, Kinyarwanda, Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale for Children, Agahinda Kenshi, Kwiheba, CES-DC, Youth, Child, Community Depressive disorders Not Applicable Childhood or Adolescence -- Rwanda Kinyarwanda Community -- Both Only CMDs
Brazilian Mood and Feelings Questionnaire (MFQ) – Long Version Brazil, Brasil, Portuguese, South America, Brazilian Mood and Feelings Questionnaire Long Version, MFQ, Teenager, Youth, Child, Clinical Depressive disorders Not Applicable Childhood or Adolescence 11-17 Brazil Portuguese Clincal The sample group for this stage was composed of patients and primary caregivers treated at mental health clinics. Both Only CMDs
Luo Perceived Stress Scale Kenya, Dholuo, East Africa, Luo Perceived Stress Scale, Kimi, Yiengni, Tetni, Jachir, Bebni, Elders, Elderly, Community Trauma- and stressor-related disorders kimi, yiengni, tetni, jachir, bebni Elderly -- Kenya Dholuo Community -- Both
Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS)- Ethiopian Version Ethiopia, Amharic, East Africa, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, EPDS, Perinatal, Postnatal, Postpartum, Peripartum, Pregnancy, Pregnant, Community Depressive disorders Not Applicable Adult -- Ethiopia Amharic Community Perinatal women in rural Ethiopia Female Only CMDs
Self-Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ)- Ethiopia Ethiopia, Amharic, East Africa, Self-Reporting Questionnaire, SRQ, Perinatal, Postnatal, Postpartum, Peripartum, Pregnancy, Pregnant, Community Depressive disorders Not Applicable Adult -- Ethiopia Amharic Community Perinatal women in rural Ethiopia Female Only CMDs
Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS)- Zimbabwe Zimbabwe, Shona, South Africa, Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale, EPDS, Perinatal, Postnatal, Postpartum, Peripartum, Pregnancy, Pregnant, Clinical Depressive disorders Not Applicable Adult -- Zimbabwe Shona Clincical Postpartum mothers attending postnatal check-ups Female Only CMDs
Keywords search Condition Lifestage Gender Common Mental Disorders Cultural Concepts of Distress

PROJECT CO-PIs

Bonnie Kaiser, PhD, MPH
Associate Professor, Department of Anthropology & Global Health Program, University of California San Diego

Lesley Jo Weaver, PhD
Associate Professor, Department of Anthropology, University of Oregon

Kathy Trang, PhD
Postdoctoral Fellow, Department of Psychology, Yale University; Associate Research Scientist, Institute of Human Development and Social Change, NYU

Carol Worthman, PhD
Samuel C. Dobbs Professor of Anthropology Emerita, Emory University

Roberto Lewis-Fernández, MD
Professor, Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University; Past President, Society for the Study of Psychiatry and Culture; President, World Association of Cultural Psychiatry

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